Regulatory Standards and Certification Frameworks

Regulatory Standards and Certification Frameworks

Understanding the Need for Duct Sanitization, Disinfection, and Odor Control

Understanding Air Duct Cleaning Regulations in Alberta is crucial for anyone involved in the maintenance and cleaning of air ducts, whether you are a homeowner, a business owner, or a professional service provider. Alberta, like many other regions, has established specific regulatory standards and certification frameworks to ensure the safety, efficiency, and quality of air duct cleaning services.


Firstly, its important to recognize that air duct cleaning is not just about aesthetics; it plays a significant role in indoor air quality. Poorly maintained air ducts can harbor dust, allergens, and even mold, which can adversely affect the health of occupants. Therefore, the regulations are designed to protect public health by ensuring that air duct cleaning is performed safely and effectively.


In Alberta, the regulations governing air duct cleaning are primarily overseen by the Alberta Government and various industry associations. These regulations outline the standards that must be met by service providers, including the methods used for cleaning, the equipment that should be employed, and the qualifications required for technicians.


One of the key aspects of these regulations is the emphasis on proper training and certification for air duct cleaning professionals. Technicians are required to undergo specific training programs that cover the latest techniques in air duct cleaning, safety protocols, and environmental considerations. Certification ensures that these professionals have the knowledge and skills necessary to perform their duties effectively and safely.


Additionally, the regulations address the types of equipment that can be used for air duct cleaning. For instance, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are often mandated to ensure that the air released back into the environment during cleaning is free from contaminants. This not only protects the environment but also ensures that the indoor air quality is improved post-cleaning.


Another important facet of the regulations is the requirement for service providers to obtain licenses. Professional duct cleaning supports energy efficiency in Calgary homes pet allergy duct cleaning calgary air conditioning. This licensing process involves a thorough review of the companys practices, equipment, and the qualifications of its staff. It ensures that only reputable and competent companies are allowed to offer air duct cleaning services to the public.


Furthermore, the regulations in Alberta also include guidelines on how often air ducts should be cleaned. While the frequency can vary depending on factors such as the environment and the specific usage of the building, regular maintenance is encouraged to prevent the buildup of contaminants.


In conclusion, understanding air duct cleaning regulations in Alberta is essential for ensuring that the service is performed to the highest standards. These regulations not only protect the health and safety of occupants but also contribute to the overall efficiency and longevity of HVAC systems. By adhering to these standards and certification frameworks, service providers can offer reliable and effective air duct cleaning services, fostering a healthier indoor environment for all.

In Calgary, the duct cleaning industry is governed by a set of regulatory standards and certification frameworks designed to ensure the safety, efficiency, and quality of services provided by professionals in this field. These frameworks are essential for maintaining high standards of practice and protecting the health of residents.


One of the key regulatory standards in Calgary is the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) guidelines set by the Alberta government. These guidelines outline the acceptable levels of contaminants in indoor environments and provide recommendations for maintaining good IAQ. Duct cleaning professionals must adhere to these guidelines to ensure that their services contribute to a healthier indoor environment.


In addition to regulatory standards, there are several certification frameworks that duct cleaning professionals in Calgary can pursue to demonstrate their expertise and commitment to quality. One such framework is the National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) certification. NADCA offers various levels of certification, including NADCA Production Technician (NPT) and NADCA Production Manager (NPM), which require professionals to pass rigorous exams and demonstrate their knowledge and skills in duct cleaning practices.


Another important certification framework is the Canadian National Standards for Air Duct Cleaning, which provides guidelines for the proper cleaning and maintenance of duct systems. Professionals who adhere to these standards are recognized for their commitment to providing high-quality services and ensuring the safety and efficiency of duct systems.


By obtaining certifications from recognized frameworks like NADCA and adhering to regulatory standards such as the IAQ guidelines, duct cleaning professionals in Calgary can demonstrate their expertise, commitment to quality, and dedication to protecting the health and well-being of their clients. These frameworks not only enhance the reputation of professionals in the industry but also contribute to a safer and healthier indoor environment for all residents in Calgary.

Sanitization Methods for Ductwork: Options and Cost Considerations

Lets talk about keeping our homes healthy, specifically when it comes to those air ducts, and how NADCA standards play a role, especially when were thinking about affordable cleaning services. NADCA, or the National Air Duct Cleaners Association, is like the gold standard in the duct cleaning world. They set the rules, the best practices, and the ethical guidelines for how these jobs should be done.


Now, you might ask, "Why should I care about NADCA when Im just trying to save a few bucks on cleaning my ducts?" Well, heres the thing. NADCA standards arent about making duct cleaning more expensive; theyre about making sure its done right. Think of it like this: you could get a cheap paint job for your car, but if they dont prep the surface properly, its just going to peel and flake. Similarly, a duct cleaning service that ignores NADCA guidelines might just be blowing dust around, not actually removing it.


NADCA standards impact affordability in a couple of key ways. First, they ensure a certain level of competence. A NADCA-certified technician is trained to properly assess the duct system, use the right equipment, and, most importantly, avoid damaging anything. This can save you money in the long run by preventing costly repairs down the line. Imagine a cheap service puncturing your ductwork and then you have to pay someone to fix it!


Second, NADCA certification often pushes companies to invest in better equipment and training. While this might mean a slightly higher initial cost, it can lead to a more thorough and efficient cleaning. A truly effective cleaning means you wont have to get your ducts cleaned as often, saving you money over time. Plus, a cleaner duct system can improve your HVAC systems efficiency, leading to lower energy bills.


Ultimately, while the cheapest option might seem appealing, adhering to NADCA standards ensures a certain level of quality and professionalism. Its about striking a balance between affordability and effectiveness, making sure youre not just throwing money away on a service that doesnt truly clean your ducts and improve your indoor air quality. So, when youre looking at duct cleaning services, asking about NADCA certification is a smart way to protect your health and your wallet.

Sanitization Methods for Ductwork: Options and Cost Considerations

Disinfection Techniques: Eliminating Harmful Microorganisms in Ducts

Okay, so youre looking to get your ducts cleaned. Great! But before you just pick the first company that pops up on Google, lets talk about something super important: making sure theyre actually doing things the right way, according to the rules. Im talking about regulatory standards and certifications. It sounds boring, I know, but trust me, this is where the rubber meets the road when it comes to clean air and a job well done.


Think of it this way: you wouldnt want just anyone tinkering with the brakes on your car, right? Youd want a qualified mechanic. Same deal here. A reputable duct cleaning company should be familiar with (and ideally adhere to) industry standards set by organizations like NADCA (the National Air Duct Cleaners Association). NADCA certification means the technicians have been trained and tested on proper cleaning techniques. Its a good sign they know what theyre doing and arent just going to stir up a bunch of dust and leave it at that.


Beyond certifications, you might want to check if the company is following any local or state regulations. These could cover things like proper disposal of debris, the use of EPA-approved cleaning solutions, and ensuring proper ventilation during the cleaning process. Dont be afraid to ask the company directly about their compliance with these regulations. A trustworthy company will be happy to answer your questions and provide proof if needed.


Why is all this important? Well, for starters, improper duct cleaning can actually make your indoor air quality worse. Imagine that! Secondly, its about protecting yourself. A company that cuts corners on standards might also cut corners on things like insurance and liability. If something goes wrong during the cleaning, you want to be sure youre covered.


So, when youre interviewing duct cleaning companies, dont just focus on price. Ask about their certifications, their adherence to regulations, and what specific steps they take to ensure a safe and effective cleaning process. It might take a little extra time upfront, but its an investment in cleaner, healthier air for your home and peace of mind for you.

Odor Neutralization Strategies: Achieving Fresh, Clean Air After Duct Cleaning

Okay, so youre thinking about getting your ducts cleaned in Calgary? Smart move – keeps the air fresher and all that. But before you dive in, lets talk about something that might not be the most exciting, but is super important: permits and licensing. I know, sounds like a headache, right? It doesnt have to be. Think of it as ensuring the person youre hiring knows their stuff and isnt going to mess anything up.


See, Calgary, like any responsible city, has rules in place to protect homeowners and ensure quality work. When it comes to duct cleaning, the big thing is making sure the company you choose is properly licensed to operate in the city. You want to avoid fly-by-night operations that might use substandard equipment or techniques, potentially causing more harm than good. A legitimate business will have the necessary business license, and thats your first safeguard.


Now, permits. These arent always required for routine duct cleaning. Generally, you only need a permit if the duct cleaning work involves altering or modifying your existing HVAC system. Think cutting into ductwork, rerouting things, or making structural changes. If its just a standard clean, youre probably in the clear. But honestly, the best thing to do is ask the duct cleaning company directly. A reputable company will know the local regulations inside and out and will be able to advise you whether a permit is needed for your specific situation. They might even handle the permit application process for you, which saves you a ton of hassle.


Beyond licensing and permits, look for companies that have certifications from recognized industry organizations. These certifications demonstrate that the technicians have received proper training and are up-to-date on the best practices for duct cleaning. Its like a stamp of approval saying, "Hey, we know what were doing."


So, bottom line: dont be intimidated by the regulatory side of things. Do a little research, ask questions, and choose a licensed and certified company. It's all about making sure you're getting a professional job done right, keeping your home and family healthy, and avoiding any potential headaches down the road. Plus, supporting legitimate businesses helps ensure fair practices in the industry. Its a win-win!

DIY vs. Professional Sanitization, Disinfection, and Odor Neutralization: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

In the complex world of business and commerce, regulatory standards and certification frameworks play a crucial role in ensuring that companies operate ethically and responsibly. Among the various mechanisms designed to protect consumers, insurance and bonding stand out as vital components. These tools not only safeguard the interests of consumers but also promote a culture of accountability and trust within the industry.


Insurance serves as a financial safety net for both businesses and consumers. When a company purchases insurance, it essentially transfers the risk of potential losses to an insurance provider. This means that in the event of an accident, mishap, or any form of liability, the insurance company steps in to cover the costs. For consumers, this is a significant reassurance. It ensures that if they suffer any harm or loss due to the actions of a company, they have a recourse to seek compensation. This is particularly important in industries where the risk of harm is high, such as construction, healthcare, or manufacturing.


Bonding, on the other hand, is a form of guarantee provided by a surety company. It assures that a business will fulfill its contractual obligations. If a company fails to meet its commitments, the surety company steps in to cover the losses. This is especially crucial in industries where large contracts and projects are common. For consumers, bonding provides an added layer of security, ensuring that the companies they engage with are financially stable and reliable. It acts as a testament to a companys credibility and commitment to delivering on its promises.


Together, insurance and bonding create a robust framework for consumer protection. They not only mitigate financial risks but also foster an environment of trust and reliability. Businesses that invest in these protections signal to their customers that they are committed to operating with integrity and accountability. This, in turn, enhances consumer confidence and encourages a healthier, more transparent marketplace.


In conclusion, the role of insurance and bonding in protecting consumers within the context of regulatory standards and certification frameworks cannot be overstated. These mechanisms are essential in ensuring that businesses operate responsibly and that consumers are safeguarded against potential risks. As the business landscape continues to evolve, the importance of these protective measures will only grow, reinforcing the need for robust regulatory standards and certification frameworks.

 

A dust storm blankets houses in Texas, 1935
Global oceanic distribution of dust deposition
Map of dust in 2017
Three years of use without cleaning has caused this laptop heat sink to become clogged with dust, and it can no longer be used.
Domestic dust on a finger

Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter.[1] On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution.

Dust in homes is composed of about 20–50% dead skin cells.[2] The rest, and in offices and other built environments, is composed of small amounts of plant pollen, human hairs, animal fur, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.[3]

Atmospheric

[edit]
Presentation on imported dust in North American skies
Large dust storm over Libya

Atmospheric or wind-borne fugitive dust, also known as aeolian dust, comes from dry regions where high-speed winds can remove mostly silt-sized material, abrading susceptible surfaces. This includes areas where grazing, ploughing, vehicle use, and other human behaviors have further destabilized the land, though not all source areas have been largely affected by anthropogenic impacts.[4] Dust-producing surfaces cover one-third of the global land area. These are made up of hyper-arid regions like the Sahara, which covers 0.9 billion hectares, and drylands, which occupy 5.2 billion hectares.[5]

Dust in the atmosphere is produced by saltation and abrasive sandblasting of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol, and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing. Saharan dust, in particular, can be transported and deposited as far as the Caribbean and the Amazon basin and may affect air temperature, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.[4]

Middle East

[edit]

Dust in the Middle East has been a historic phenomenon. Recently, because of climate change and the escalating process of desertification, the problem has worsened dramatically. As a multi-factor phenomenon, there is not yet a clear consensus on the sources or potential solutions to the problem.

Iran

[edit]

The dust in Iraq and Iran are migratory systems that move from west to east or east to west in the spring and have the highest intensity, concentration, and extent until mid-summer. The causes of their occurrence are the lack of humidity, dry environment, low rainfall, and annual droughts. Due to the decrease of rainfall in areas such as Iraq and Syria, most of the dust in Iran also originates from the regions of Iraq, Syria, and Jordan.[6]

In addition to the foreign foci, there are areas inside the country that have either formed new dust foci in recent years or were from the past and their extent has increased. Among these areas, parts of southern Tehran, south of Alborz province – which in the past were plains, riverbeds, seasonal lakes, and seasonal reservoirs – and Gavkhoni wetland of Isfahan province can be mentioned because they have become dry and prone to dust. Among other areas that have become dust centers, Qom province, the Qom salt lake and its surroundings can be mentioned, as well as the Urmia lake, which due to strong winds and due to the dryness of the lake and the reduction of its size, some areas of its bed which were underwater in the past are subject to wind erosion.[6]

In Iran, the dust directly affects more than 5 million people and has become a serious government issue recently. In the Khuzestan province, it has led to the severe increase of air pollution. The amount of pollutants in the air has surpassed more than 50 times the normal level several times in a year. Recently, initiatives such as Project-Dust have been established to study dust in the Middle East directly.[citation needed]

The continuation of drought has caused water scarcity or drying up of some wetlands and lakes such as Hamon and Urmia Lake. This has turned them into centers of dust.[6]

Director General of the Office of Desert Affairs of Iran's Natural Resources and Watershed Organization stated that according to the data of the 2018 studies, 30 million hectares of land in the country are affected by wind erosion, and 14 million hectares of this area are considered to be the focal points of wind erosion, which causes serious damage to infrastructure.[7]

Roads

[edit]

Dust kicked up by vehicles traveling on roads is a significant source of harmful air pollution.[8] Road dust consists of deposits of vehicle and industrial exhaust gas, particles from tire and brake wear, dust from paved roads or potholes, and dust from construction sites. Road dust is a significant contributor to the generation and release of particulates into the atmosphere.[9] Control of road dust is a significant challenge in urban areas, and also in other locations with high levels of vehicular traffic upon unsealed roads, such as mines and landfills.

"Engine exhaust emissions, especially from those operating on diesel fuel, can be a significant source of fine particle generation from construction sites." Construction and demolition activities can also produce a large amount of construction waste. The dust and particulates can become fugitive and airborne with vehicle movements both on and outside the sites, especially when it is windy and dry.[10]

Road dust may be suppressed by mechanical methods like street sweeper, vehicles equipped with vacuum cleaners,[11] vegetable oil sprays,[12] or with water sprayers. Calcium chloride can be used. Improvements in automotive engineering have reduced the amount of PM10s produced by road traffic; the proportion representing re-suspension of existing particulates has increased as a result.

Coal

[edit]

Coal dust is responsible for the respiratory disease known as pneumoconiosis, including coal worker's pneumoconiosis disease that occurs among coal miners. The danger of coal dust resulted in environmental law regulating workplace air quality in some jurisdictions. In addition, if enough coal dust is dispersed within the air in a given area, in very rare circumstances, it can cause a dust explosion. These circumstances are typically within confined spaces.

 

Control

[edit]

Atmospheric

[edit]
Tarps and netting are often used to reduce the amount of dust released from construction sites.

Most governmental Environmental Protection Agencies, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandate that facilities that generate fugitive dust, minimize or mitigate the production of dust in their operation. The most frequent dust control violations occur at new residential housing developments in urban areas. United States federal law requires that construction sites obtain planning permissions to conduct earth moving and clearing of areas, so that plans to control dust emissions while the work is being carried out are specified. Control measures include such simple practices as spraying construction and demolition sites with water, and preventing the tracking of dust onto adjacent roads.

Some of the issues include:[citation needed]

  • Reducing dust related health risks that include allergic reactions, pneumonia and asthmatic attacks.
  • Improving visibility and road traffic safety.
  • Providing cleaner air, cleaner vehicles and cleaner homes and promoting better health.
  • Improving agricultural productivity.[citation needed]
  • Reducing vehicle maintenance costs by lowering the levels of dust that clog filters, bearings and machinery.
  • Reducing driver fatigue, maintenance on car suspension systems and improving fuel economy in automobiles.
  • Increasing cumulative effects—each new application builds on previous progress.

US federal laws require dust control on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved parking lots, and dirt roads. Dust in such places may be suppressed by mechanical methods,[citation needed] including paving or laying down gravel, or stabilizing the surface with water, vegetable oils[12] or other dust suppressants, or by using water misters to suppress dust that is already airborne.[citation needed]

Domestic

[edit]
House dust under a microscope
Domestic dust on a ribbon
A video on reducing dust exposure in the workplace

Dust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers (i.e. half a millimeter). Dust poses a health risk to children,[13] older people, and those with respiratory diseases.

House dust can become airborne easily. Care is required when removing dust to avoid causing the dust to become airborne. A feather duster tends to agitate the dust so it lands elsewhere[citation needed].

Certified HEPA (tested to MIL STD 282) can effectively trap 99.97% of dust at 0.3 micrometers. Not all HEPA filters can effectively stop dust; while vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters, water, or cyclones may filter more effectively than without, they may still exhaust millions of particles per cubic foot of air circulated. Central vacuum cleaners can be effective in removing dust, especially if they are exhausted directly to the outdoors.

Air filters differ greatly in their effectiveness. Laser particle counters are an effective way to measure filter effectiveness; medical grade instruments can test for particles as small as 0.3 micrometers. In order to test for dust in the air, there are several options available. Pre-weighed filter and matched weight filters made from polyvinyl chloride or mixed cellulose ester are suitable for respirable dust (less than 10 micrometers in diameter).[14]

Dust resistant surfaces

[edit]

A dust resistant surface is a state of prevention against dust contamination or damage, by a design or treatment of materials and items in manufacturing or through a repair process [citation needed]. A reduced tacticity of a synthetic layer or covering can protect surfaces and release small molecules that could have remained attached. A panel, container or enclosure with seams may feature types of strengthened structural rigidity or sealant to vulnerable edges and joins.

Outer space

[edit]

Cosmic dust is widely present in outer space, where gas and dust clouds are the primary precursors for planetary systems. The zodiacal light, as seen in a dark night sky, is produced by sunlight reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the Sun. The tails of comets are produced by emissions of dust and ionized gas from the body of the comet. Dust also covers solid planetary bodies, and vast dust storms can occur on Mars which cover almost the entire planet. Interstellar dust is found between the stars, and high concentrations produce diffuse nebulae and reflection nebulae.

Dust is widely present in the galaxy. Ambient radiation heats dust and re-emits radiation into the microwave band, which may distort the cosmic microwave background power spectrum. Dust in this regime has a complicated emission spectrum and includes both thermal dust emission and spinning dust emission.[15]

Dust samples returned from outer space have provided information about conditions of the early solar system. Several spacecraft have sought to gather samples of dust and other materials. Among these craft was Stardust, which flew past 81P/Wild in 2004, and returned a capsule of the comet's remains to Earth.[16] In 2010 the Japanese Hayabusa spacecraft returned samples of dust from the surface of an asteroid.[17]

[edit]

Dust mites

[edit]

House dust mites are present indoors wherever humans live.[18] Positive tests for dust mite allergies are extremely common among people with asthma. Dust mites are microscopic arachnids whose primary food is dead human skin cells, but they do not live on living people.[19] They and their feces and other allergens are major constituents of house dust, but because they are so heavy they are not suspended for long in the air. They are generally found on the floor and other surfaces until disturbed (by walking, for example).[18] It could take between twenty minutes and two hours for dust mites to settle back out of the air.

Dust mites are a nesting species that prefer a dark, warm, and humid climate. They flourish in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, and carpets.[20] Their feces include enzymes that are released upon contact with a moist surface, which can happen when a person inhales, and these enzymes can kill cells within the human body.[21] House dust mites did not become a problem until humans began to use textiles, such as western style blankets and clothing.[22]

See also

[edit]
  • Mineral dust
  • Sawdust
  • Moondust
  • Adhesion force measurement of powders
  • Medical geology
  • Nephelometer
  • Contamination control
  • Occupational dust exposure
  • Dust bunny
  • Lint (material)
  • Dust explosion
  • Hanānā

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dust. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  2. ^ van Bronswijk, J. E. M. H. (1981). House Dust Biology for Allergists, Acarologists and Mycologists. J. Bronswijk. p. 37. ISBN 9789027535016. OCLC 9757081.
  3. ^ Hess-Kosa, Kathleen (2002). Indoor air quality: sampling methodologies. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 216. ISBN 9781566705394. OCLC 634141112.
  4. ^ a b Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (June 2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (2). London: 165–181. Bibcode:2001TrIBG..26..165M. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00013. ISSN 0020-2754.
  5. ^ Jickells, T. D.; An, Z. S.; Andersen, K. K.; Baker, A. R.; Bergametti, G.; Brooks, N.; Cao, J. J.; Boyd, P. W.; Duce, R. A.; Hunter, K. A.; Kawahata, H.; Kubilay, N.; Laroche, J.; Liss, P. S.; Mahowald, N.; Prospero, J. M.; Ridgwell, A. J.; Tegen, I.; Torres, R. (April 1, 2005). "Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate". Science. 308 (5718): 67–71. Bibcode:2005Sci...308...67J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.686.1063. doi:10.1126/science.1105959. PMID 15802595. S2CID 16985005.
  6. ^ a b c "Continuity of dust in the country" تداوم گرد و غبار در کشور. Tabnak (in Persian). Tabnak. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  7. ^ "What is the key to effectively deal with dust in the country?". Tabnak (in Persian). Tabnak. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024. کد خبر:۱۱۸۵۲۴۶
  8. ^ Khan, Raihan K.; Strand, Mark A. (10 April 2018). "Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review". Epidemiology and Health. 40: e2018013. doi:10.4178/epih.e2018013. ISSN 2092-7193. PMC 5968206. PMID 29642653.cite journal: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  9. ^ "Environment Canada – Pollution and Waste – Tracking Pollution in Canada". The Green Lane. September 23, 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  10. ^ "Control of dust from construction and demolition activities" (PDF). p. 12-22. Retrieved 4 Feb 2025.
  11. ^ Peel, G.; Michielen, M.; Parker, G. (July 8–12, 2001). "Some aspects of road sweeping vehicle automation". 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8556). 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Vol. 1. Como: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 337–342. doi:10.1109/AIM.2001.936477. ISBN 978-0-7803-6736-4.
  12. ^ a b "Questions and Answers: Road Dust Control with Soapstock-A Soybean Oil By- Product". Usroads.com. June 1, 1998. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  13. ^ Kumar, Pooja Virendra (November 6, 2007). "50% Bangalore kids hit by asthma". The Times of India. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2021. Dust mites in the humid atmosphere of Bangalore trigger around 60% of asthma
  14. ^ "What are the Effects of Dust on the Lungs? : OSH Answers". Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  15. ^ P. Finkbeiner, Douglas; Davis, Marc; Schlegel, David J. (October 20, 1999). "Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS". The Astrophysical Journal. 524 (2): 867–886. arXiv:astro-ph/9905128. Bibcode:1999ApJ...524..867F. doi:10.1086/307852. OCLC 691250305. S2CID 12187640. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  16. ^ Hanslmeier, Arnold (2013-01-02). Astrobiology The Search for Life in the Universe. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-60805-473-2. Archived from the original on 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  17. ^ Ridpath, Ian (2018-04-26). A Dictionary of Astronomy. Oxford University Press. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-19-254261-8. Archived from the original on 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  18. ^ a b "Dust Mites". American Lung Association. Archived from the original on 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  19. ^ Australia, Healthdirect (2021-09-16). "Dust mites". healthdirect.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  20. ^ Perryman, Oliver (December 14, 2020). "How to Get Rid of Dust Floating in the Air using a Air Purifier?". Dehumidifier Critic. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  21. ^ Abadi, Sara (August 2009). "Hygiene Habits". AOL Health. AOL. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  22. ^ Colloff, Matthew J (2009). Dust Mites. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2224-0. ISBN 978-90-481-2224-0. OCLC 664094692.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Amato, Joseph A (2001). Dust: A History of the Small and the Invisible. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23195-3
  • Holmes, Hannah (2001). The Secret Life of Dust. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-37743-0
  • Steedman, Carolyn (2002). Dust. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6015-1
[edit]
  • Global map of atmospheric dust

 

An irritant is an otherwise harmless substance that sets off an allergy in sensitive individuals by stimulating an immune reaction. In technical terms, an irritant is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals with immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. Many human beings install substantial immunoglobulin E responses just as a defense versus parasitical infections. Nevertheless, some people may reply to lots of common environmental antigens. In atopic individuals, non-parasitic antigens stimulate improper IgE production, resulting in kind I hypersensitivity. Sensitivities vary commonly from one person (or from one pet) to one more. A really wide series of materials can be allergens to delicate people.

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